Drugs for diabetes mellitus

All the following are class of oral hypoglycaemic agents, except

Biguanides

Sulfonylureas

DPP-4 inhibitors

Amylin analogues

All the following are true regarding biguanides, except

Indicated in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Metformin is an example

Inhibits gluconeogenesis by activating AMP-kinase

Lactic acidosis risk is an important problem with metformin

All the following are true regarding sulfonylureas, except

Glimepiride is an example

Associated with hypoglycemia

Stimulates insulin release by closing K+ ATP channels on pancreatic beta cells

Indicated in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

All the following are true regarding thiazolidinediones, except

Decreases insulin resistance by activation of PPAR-γ receptors

Pioglitazone is an example

Hypoglycemia is a rare adverse effect

Indicated in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients having cardiovascular abnormalities

All the following are true regarding α-glucosidase inhibitors, except

Associated with gastrointestinal upset

Voglibose is an example

Indicated in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients having high fasting glucose levels

Prevents break down of complex carbohydrates into simple sugars

All the following are true regarding DPP-4 inhibitors, except

Reduces fasting glucose excursions

Have a neutral effect on weight of the patient

Block degradation of GLP-1

Sitagliptin is an example

All the following are true regarding SGLT-2 inhibitors, except

Dapagliflozin is an example

Reduces fasting as well as post-prandial glucose excursions

Associated with increased risk of urinary tract infections

Promote glucose excretion into the urine by increasing its secretion

All the following are insulin preparations, except

Liraglutide

Glargine

Neutral Protamine Hagedorn

Aspart

All the following are prandial insulins, except

Lispro

Aspart

Glulisine

Detemer

All the following are long acting insulins, except

Glargine

Neutral Protamine Hagedorn

Detemer

Degludec

All the following are true regarding insulin usage in diabetes, except

Usually given subcutaneously

Hypoglycaemia is the main undesirable effect

Basal insulins are used in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis

Insulins differ in the timing of their peak effect and duration of action

All the following are true regarding premix insulins, except

Abailable as 70/30, 75/25 and 50/50 formulations

Improves patient compliance

Covers fasting and postprandial insulin requirements

Prepared by combining short acting insulin with a long acting preparation

All the following are true regarding glucagon, except

Stimulates glycogen breakdown

Alternative to intravenous glucose in unconscious patients to treat hypoglycaemia

Administered orally

Is a single-chain polypeptide of 21 amino acids

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